UDC 001.103:378/021

KULYK M. M.

Scientific Library, Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University (Kharkiv, Ukraine), ,

e-mail: m.m.kulyk@nlu.edu.ua, ORCID 0000-0001-8439-0971

The authors (Mathieu d'Aquin, Fabian Kirstein, Daniela Oliveira, Sonja Schimmler, Sebastian Urbanek) considered the issue of expansion of the FAIR principles and added three additional principles that relate to the way, how the solutions should enable interaction, social connections and trust, forming the FAIREST principles (D’aquin, Kirstein, Oliveira, Schimmler, & Urbanek, 2023)

Other authors Priess-Buchheit, J., Hermeking, N. & Möbius, T. (2024) in their scientific article "Training to Act FAIR: A Pre-Post Study on Teaching FAIR Guiding Principles to (Future) Researchers in Higher Education" consider "effectiveness of FAIR training in higher education". They noted that their "study underscores the training potential in driving the transition towards open science actions in higher education and shows how much university legal frameworks can push toward such training. Students value FAIR training as very useful and satisfactory" (Priess-Buchheit, Hermeking, & Möbius, 2024).

Scientists considered impact of three ISO TC 37/SC 3 standards (mainly ISO 16642: 2017^; ISO 12620: 2019 and ISO 30042: 2019) on the foundation of the FAIR terminology paradigm, and the integration of this data representation model in the framework of the European project "Terminology Without Borders" (TWB) launched in 2019 by the Terminology Coordination Unit (TermCoord) of the European Parliament (Vezzani, Di Nunzio, & Costa, 2023).

To aid information exchange between disciplines, the use of decimal latitude-longitude (dLL) topographic geo-referencing is advocated to identify locations of investigations, images and data in accord with the FAIR principles for data: findability, accessibility, interaction and reusability. W. B. Whalley emphasized that: "Inclusion of dLLs libraries into ‘the literature’ requires little extra work for authors and editors, and provides apparent advantages for readers (as they can locate and visualise data more easily), and especially for future workers. This approach, linking location to information on information surfaces, needs to be implemented by authors, developed and extended" (Whalley, 2023).

This topic is relevant in view of the further use of FAIR data as an emerging and improving open metadata system to promote open data and open science in the academic environment. This is evidenced by the following international studies.

Methods

The systematic approach allowed us to identify the levers, advantages, and proposals for FAIR data as an emerging and improving open metadata system in promoting open data and open science in the educational academic environment.

Results and Discussion

The Internet has broadened the communication of digitized journals and books among scholars and the perception that academic commercial publishers use copyright law to restrict the free circulation of scientific knowledge. Open access is changing the business model of academic publishing to the extent that copyright law is increasingly viewed as needing to be balanced against the right to benefit from science. Some people have called for copyright law to be revised to promote open access to academic publishing. The question of how copyright law should be revised to achieve this is more topical today than ever. However, there is a need to clarify and question the role that copyright law should play and there is much to be gained from consideration of the role that competition law can play. Additionally, initiatives to implement open access have been taken by stakeholders (scientists, publishers, universities, libraries, and research funding agencies) such as open access policies and the new "read and publish" agreements between publishers and universities’ libraries. But the transition towards sustainable universal open access will be a long, complex process since the interaction between these stakeholders can lead to conflicts of interest (Esteve, 2024)

The Spanish authors in their study "Spanish Academic Libraries’ Perceptions of Open Science. Drivers and Barriers" concluded that academic libraries may train researchers in OS through the acquisition of new skills and training of trainers, and with the strategic support of the university. They argue that academic stimuli and a change in research accreditation are also needed to shift researchers’ perceptions regarding OS (Open Science) (Santos-Hermosa & Boté-Vericad, 2024).

PathOS (Open Science Impact Pathways) is a Horizon Europe project aiming to gather concrete evidence of the impacts of Open Science (OS) (Papadopoulou, & Grypari, 2024).

Close collaboration with librarians, researchers and institutions can enhance the dissemination and accessibility of scientific knowledge promoting open science (OpenAIRE, n.d.).

The principles promoted in the Barcelona Declaration on open research information also echo EUA’s advocacy for a more holistic approach to openness in research and the commitment to develop responsible, inclusive, transparent and sustainable evaluation practices for research activities and careers (European University Association, 2024).

List of signatories of the Barcelona Declaration as of 15 April 2024, among which a number of organizations providing data, services and infrastructure, have declared their support of the Declaration. These include AmeliCA, Crossref, Curtin Open Knowledge Initiative (COKI), DataCite, EuropePMC, DOAB, DOAJ,  Europe PMC, Liberate Science GmbH, OAPEN, OpenCitations, OpenAIRE, OurResearch, Redalyc and ROR as well as the State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine (“Barcelona Declaration”, n.d.b).

The State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine (hereinafter, SSTL of Ukraine) carries out activities defined by the National Plan for Open Science (Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, 2022), advancing open data and open science (State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine, n.d.a) in the educational and scientific activities of Ukrainian higher education institutions, academic libraries as their structural units, and research institutions. A lot of work is being done to hold annual international online conferences "Open Science and Innovation in Ukraine", starting in 2022 (State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine, n.d.

This year, on September 23-24, 2024, the SSTL of Ukraine will participate in the Paris Conference on Open Scientific Information. Together with representatives from Austria, Italy and France, the SSTL of Ukraine will take part in a panel discussion and present Ukraine's contribution to the promotion of global open access initiatives. The report will emphasize the important role of the SSTL of Ukraine in promoting the development of open access to scientific information at the international level. The Paris Conference on Open Scientific Information promises to be an important platform for the exchange of experience and discussion of key issues related to open access to scientific data and information at the global level (State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine, n.d.c).

The three-year project Open4UA (November 2023 – October 2026) is the Erasmus+ "Open Science for Ukrainian Higher Education System", which aims to reform the higher education system by prioritising open science to advance the growth of Ukraine’s knowledge-driven economy for the post-war recovery. Among the partners of the project is Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University (EIFL, n.d.)

The National Research Foundation of Ukraine, with the participation of MES of Ukraine, held an online event (April 30, 2024) to implement the National Plan for Open Science, in particular clause 5, which provides for the improvement of the system for assessing the quality of scientific and technical activities. This event contributed to the implementation of open science and open access in higher education institutions of Ukraine regarding the practical application of the main provisions of the Open4UA project on the topic "Seminar on the formation of a national consensus on open science" (“Seminar z formuvannia”, 2024).

During the first seminar, the Open4UA team presented recommendations on reforms in the the sphere of Ukrainian science and education, developed by the project consortium based on the study of EU best practices. Besides, at the online event, a discussion of the new method of attestation of scientific institutions and institutions of higher education in terms of their scientific (scientific and technical) activities was proposed. The Open4UA team participated in the development of the methodology and wants to promote its effective discussion in the widest possible academic circles.

The seminar listed main indicators that will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the scientific (scientific and technical) activity of scientific institutions and institutions of higher education, among which the following were innovative: the number of published preprints; the number of published dictionaries, directories, catalogs in public access; the number of published FAIR datasets that have a DOI.

Also, changes were made to the procedure for state certification of higher education institutions in terms of their scientific (scientific and technical) activities and the procedure for state certification of scientific institutions in pursuance of the National Action Plan for Open Science, namely clause 5, which provides for the improvement of the criteria for state certification of higher education institutions and scientific institutions. Pursuant to the order of MES of Ukraine dated April 10, 2024 No. 493 "On the results of the scientific, scientific and technical and innovative activities of institutions of higher education and scientific institutions belonging to the sphere of administration of the MES of Ukraine for the year 2023 and some previous periods" (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, 2024a), the staff of the library and scientific research units prepared data on quantitative indicators for the first time, including in public access: 1) published articles in periodicals, including journals in Scopus and Web of Science; 2) published dictionaries, catalogs, reference books and encyclopedias; 3) published textbooks; 4) publications in conference proceedings, which are indexed in Scopus and Web of Science; 5) published FAIR data sets, which have DOI.

In the letter of MES of Ukraine dated May 3, 2024 No. 7/137-24 (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, 2024b), clarifications were given regarding application of the concept of the "FAIR data sets" in Order No. 493, namely: "FAIR data means optimized research data that is stored in electronic form and complies with the principles of appropriate management of research data (FAIR principles). The principles of proper management of research data (FAIR principles) are principles that provide for the multiple use of research data, their availability, the ability to interact with various data types (inter-operability) and the implementation of a quick search for the necessary information". This clarification was an alternative step taken by this agency instead of the measures provided for in clause 6 of the National Action Plan for Open Science, namely: the program of the development of professional qualifications, and the introduction of trainings to raise the level and build competence in the principles of open science.

We note that: 1) the study has shown that academic librarians are moderately aware on OERs (Calilung, 2021); 2) innovative transformations of libraries of the higher education institutions is ongoing (Barabash, Hliebova, & Kolomiiets, 2023) and 3) the role of libraries, in particular university libraries, in the promotion of open science with a change in the qualification level of library specialists is increasing (Yaroshenko, 2021). At the same time, if possible, it is necessary to improve the technical and software of academic libraries (Kulyk, 2022) and use, temporarily, available tools for working with metadata (Kulyk, 2023), which involve the use of PIDs (Persistent identifier).

PIDs fulfill several FAIR principles, they are both persistent and actionable, and are the key to achieve the goals of networked science. Many types of PIDs have been developed, such as DOIs for objects and ORCID for individual researcher profiles, and the various types for both general and specific purposes are increasing (Matthew Mayernik, National Center for Atmospheric Research [NCAR]) (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2024, p. 5).

The FAIR Data Principles originated in the life sciences, but are now gaining much expansion beyond. Within research communities, the generation of FAIR data is encouraged to maximize their value beyond a specific research question or project and to enable research at a larger scale and scope. As a consequence, your research impact and recognition as a researcher are enhanced.

This is why funders, publishers and politicians also encourage the generation of FAIR data. The FAIR Data Principles are central to the Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe guidelines on RDM (Research Data Management) (Ghent University, n.d.a; Science Europe, n.d.). The European Code of Conduct for Scientific Integrity (ALLEA, 2017), to which Ghent University subscribed, also expects that access to research data is in line with the FAIR principles where appropriate (Ghent University, n.d.b).

Conclusions

Transformation processes in open science in Ukraine are being implemented through the support of an innovative open data policy and open access, taking into account international requirements, which are based on the adoption of the National Action Plan for Open Science (Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, 2022). Therefore, the activities of Ukrainian university libraries should be transformed with the support of the SSTL of Ukraine (State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine, n.d.d), which will take into account international experience, such as the Leibniz Information Center for Science and Technology in Germany (TIB, n.d.a). The already sustainable (in 2024) experience of Ukrainian university libraries with OERSI (Open Educational Resources Search Index) in the field of open science and its component – open educational resources is presented in the publication (Kolesnykova, Gorbova, & Shcherbatiuk, 2022, p. 72-73). Priority areas can be: 1) the work of local university repositories, for example, the Jagiellonian University (Biblioteka Jagiellońska, 2024), Open Science Outlook 1 (UNESCO, 2023) by updating versions of the DSpace software with the subsequent possibility of displaying the DOI identifier as the PID of publications provided by almost all publishing houses and some publishing platforms (F1000 (F1000Research, n.d), SSRN (SSRN, n.d.a), CROSSREF (Crossref, n.d.), etc.) and the social network of scientists Research Gate (ResearchGate, n.d.); 2) advisory and educational activities with the scientific community of universities and employees of university libraries on the introduction of ORCID initiatives (joining the ORCID-UKRAINE consortium (ORCID, n.d.) and the use of Creative Commons licenses (Creative Commons, n.d.); 3) active use of all sources of open access to metadata provided by international companies, in particular: a) ELSEVIER (Elsevier, n.d.b) (the Scopus database, ScienceDirect, local access to the SciVal analytical system, etc.), b) CLARIVATE (Clarivate, n.d.) (the Web of Science platform, the ProQuest™ Dissertations & Theses Citation Index, RepidILL, etc.), c) Research4Life (Research4Life, 2024), TIB (TIB, n.d.b), OERSI (OERSI, n.d.), TIB AV-Portal (TIB AV-Portal, n.d.); 4) use of preprint repositories (Wikipedia, n.d.) by the scientific community, the metadata of some of them are already indexed by the Scopus and Web of Science scientometric systems, in particular the SSRN of the ELSEVIER company (SSRN, n.d.b).

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KULYK M. M..

Наукова бібліотека, Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого, (Харків, Україна), e-mail: m.m.kulyk@nlu.edu.ua, ORCID 0000-0001-8439-0971

Ключові слова: академічні бібліотеки; відкриті дані; відкрита наука; PIDs (Persistent Identifier); репозитарії

Received: 09.08.2024

Accepted: 02.12.2024